Purple curve shows a cubic spline fit to the data. ( d) Change in the proportion of mature calls compared to immature calls (the phee/cry ratio). ( b) Infant marmosets produce mostly immature calls (cries and subharmonics) during early postnatal days which are replaced by more adult-like calls (phees) during development. ( c) Changes in vocal acoustics during development include a lowering of the dominant frequency. ( a) Vocal development is the result of changes in, and interactions among, the vocal apparatus, muscles, nervous system, and social context. It may also be used to predict the consequences of disrupting individual processes in young animals at particular points in time and how such disruptions shape the way an animal develops on its way to adulthood.
may also provide insights into why vocal learning and some other behaviors emerge in some species and not others. The model developed by Teramoto, Takahashi et al. These findings show that, to reflect how adult-like calls emerge in real marmosets, the model needs to include all of these factors. therefore added factors to the model that simulate improvements in muscle control, learning in the nervous system and in the behavior of other animals. The first version of the model focused solely on how the marmosets’ vocal cords grow, and did not fully reproduce how adult-like calls emerge in real marmosets. built a computational model of this process and compared the model to data from real animals. Young marmoset monkeys, like human infants, gradually develop from producing immature cries to adult-like calls. However, that same study will probably ignore how changes in the structure of the vocal cords, or in the behavior of the parents, also promote imitation. A study of speech development, for example, might examine how changes in the brain enable infants to imitate sounds. A complex sequence of changes in muscles, the nervous system and in patterns of interactions with other individuals all contribute to these emerging behaviors.ĭespite this complexity, most studies of vocal development have only considered single factors in isolation. For example, human infants progress from crying to babbling to producing speech-like sounds. As infants develop they learn new behaviors and refine existing ones.
0 kommentar(er)
